Ethical Issues in Managing Employee Behavior

Moral issues for managing singular representatives is troublesome in light of the fact that chiefs on the cutting edge are answerable for different records, for example, recruiting and terminating teaching and execution assessment additionally during every one of these techniques supervisors are liable for worker oversight since administrators are good examples for their representatives in their area of expertise it is basic the directors can morally resolve issues inside the association yet shockingly it isn't generally the situation. Representative conduct issues that happen in the work environment can dramatically affect the general atmosphere.It is the manager’s duty to address these issues in an ethically right manner. Doing so impolitely or deceptively can result in considerably more issues and a lessening in profitability inside the association. The idea of morals is a key practice that numerous associations need to obey by. Directors and managers must create solid mora l gauges that are to be contemplated when representatives are disturbing the work environment. What are morals and business morals? Morals is characterized as a code of ethics rehearsed by an individual or gathering of people.Ethics in business the investigation of what isolates the good and bad or the fortunate or unfortunate conduct in the working environment condition. An Organization has a gathering of individuals that cooperate to accomplish a typical reason. The ethical difficulties that these people face every day alongside an entire scope of issues that could happen, are the reason morals assumes such a significant job in business. Most huge organizations have a composed code of morals, now and again considered a set of principles to set the norms that workers are to follow.Many moral choices depend on profound quality, society’s acknowledged gauges of conduct. Shockingly it isn't in every case obvious what choices are moral and which are not, In numerous cases the la w is utilized to decide the heading of our conduct, anyway the law isn't generally the best instrument to utilize in light of the fact that a few things might be legitimate yet not right. Morals are a big motivator for you, not just about what is legitimate. Unscrupulous Practices by representatives can emerge in three different ways; The first are singular elements, since individuals bring to their occupations, level own thoughts of what is ethically right and wrong.The second is hierarchical components the startling thing about dishonest conduct at work is that it isn't really determined by close to home interests, now and again moral breaches happen on the grounds that workers feel forced to do what they believe is ideal to support their organization. Third is Management impact, the director establishes the pace and by their activities imparts signs about what is proper conduct for instance if the supervisor is seen taking a more drawn out mid-day break, you may not follow the co ordinated time and take a more extended lunch breakThere are three principle reasons on why representatives act unscrupulously and it is turning into a quickly expanding issue in associations a portion of the more hazardous and reoccurring issues are, Employee burglary, appearing late, revelation of private data, hands on medication and liquor misuse, bogus reports, worker segregation and harassing, abuse of organization reserves, inappropriate cleanliness and a quickly developing concern is utilizing email and internet based life and PDAs for individual on work hours the best way to viably ensure these issues are lessened or improved is for the administrator to deal with the circumstance morally, yet it's anything but an ideal world and individuals even chiefs can twist the rules.One of the main issues are programmed excusal when it isn't required. Chief must have verification the worker has had been performing deceptively, rather than setting up a gathering with composed documenta tion and an outsider to hear the discussion . Administrators likewise realize that in the event that it is their assertion against the workers that there are acceptable possibilities ofthem not in any event, being addressed. Comparative character qualities lead to directors that are power hungry and are excessively decisive while drawing in with the worker, nearly to where it is tormenting. Indeed, even tho emphaticness is acceptable and produces results it must not be forceful. Directors who enjoy dread will utilize this strategy as opposed to understanding the issue.Managers who are viewed as menaces, have little enthusiasm for change and is the organization loves the outcomes that chief is giving they may have even less enthusiasm on how they are carrying on. Directors will likewise menace to abstain from tolerating duty regarding their conduct and why it might have aided the workers dishonest dynamic and to occupy consideration away from their deficiency . The equivalent can be said for provocation the â€Å"fear† way to deal with fix things. Rather than managing the circumstance head on, they continually call or believe that looking at behind you will settle worker conduct, and it might deliver results yet does that make it right, no. With the regularly developing utilization of cellphones in the working environment supervisors may exploit the reality they can reach you at any given time.What can occur in a great deal of cases is the hassling administrator will chasten any representative experiencing pressure and consider it to be a powerless and reason for their lackluster showing for instance continually saying â€Å"get back to work† and continually being on ones back. On the opposite side of the range of managing representative conduct that isn't acknowledged is supervisors can be uninvolved, a few directors make some troublesome memories training workers for various reasons. They may feel shaky or akward about drawing nearer employees.S ome supervisors rather keep a representative who is creating results and not carrying on, at that point need to report them or even fire them and train another climate it is that they don't need their administration aptitudes addressed, or the expense and time and vitality it takes to prepare. In certain events directors accept the difficult will resolve itselfâ or they might not have the decisive character to train different grown-ups. Overlooking clashes may likewise be on the grounds that some particularly new administrators can wind up at misfortune the first run through a contention emerges and it doesn’t simply get itself straightened out and experience issues finding the correct language and the correct procedures to use at that point. Additionally chiefs who have attempted to tackle an issue and fizzled could Lose trust and a readiness to focus on critical thinking are normal reactions when a director feels that his endeavors are supportive of nothing. In the event t hat past endeavors at goals haven’t worked out in a good way, they may feel others may have lost trust in their capacities. â€Å"I don’t know where to start.†Taking an opportunity to evaluate a circumstance and make an arrangement consumes vitality and consideration. It’s shrewd to kick back and consider your following stages as opposed to bouncing into a contention haphazard, yet inaction doesn’t get you any closer to goals. Build up an arrangement in light of clear objectives, and get whatever assist you with expecting to place it vigorously. A typical issue is the â€Å"I have genuine work to do† approach. Tending to staff issues is a significant piece of being a powerful chief however in certain associations administrators feel it is better managed by HR, the equivalent could be said it there is a bookkeeping issue that the report is sent directly to the Accounting department.Although HR supervisors are for enrolling, employing and crit ical thinking it is as similarly significant for the director to be included, you can't oversee appropriately on the off chance that you are not completely mindful or separate based on what is happening in the association, another issue is that chiefs will put fault on HR when the issue isn't fathomed. Chiefs commit errors while assessing representatives and their presentation in light of inclinations and judgment mistakes of different sorts ruin the procedure. When there is a conduct issue chiefs will consequently expect that isn't submitted by â€Å"all-star† representatives and invest such a great amount of energy in the regular person in the association the issue is rarely explained or may even compound , new issues and jealousies may emerge if the workers feel nail highlighted. This would be a case of horn and radiance effect.Personal Biases are intense he way a director feels about every one of the people working under him †regardless of whether he prefers or avers ions them †as a colossal impact on how the representatives are dealt with individual Bias can come from different sources because of data acquired from partners, contemplations of confidence and thinking, social and family foundation, etc. They could be founded on: Race and ethniticy which alludes to expansive division of individuals dependent on their organic attributes, for example, shade of skin, shade of hair and their facial highlights. These distinctions created among people in ancient occasions because of various gatherings of individuals creating in various pieces of the world separated from one another. Ethniticy, Ethnicity alludes to the normal qualities of a gathering of individuals that recognize them from most others of a similar society. Ethnicity depends on shared trait of family, culture, language, nationality, or religion, or a mix of these things.Gender and sexuality †sex predisposition is inconsistent treatment in work opportunity, (for example, advancem ent, pay, advantages and benefits and goals strategies, and desires because of mentalities dependent on the sex of a representative or gathering of workers. As times create sexual direction is getting increasingly acknowledged yet there are still decisions and names set. Administrators may deceive workers who are not satisfying up to guidelines Or, give out bogus cutoff times. Not all that much, maybe a day or two sooner than ordinary, similarly as long as they despite everything has a sensible measure of time to finish the assignment, yet additionally sufficient opportunity to deal with whatever may spring up unexpectedly.Many workers will regularly say that prizes or rewards were guaranteed and never given, this happens a great deal in significant associations when higher positions realize that representatives nee

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Author's decision - Essay Example Being an innovation virtuoso, clearly he would fuse innovation in his proposed arrangements. Actually, an enormous piece of this discussion spins around the potential that innovation has in reacting to such flare-ups. Despite the fact that Bill Gates utilizes all the explanatory methodologies of feeling, logos, and ethos, his quality hangs out in utilizing the methodology of logos. With all the experience that he has at the top level administration, it should amaze nobody that Bill Gates has such unbelievably immaculate oral abilities. Specifically, he explains his discourse such that impacts the audience’s observation about him. The system of ethos is obviously normal in his discussion. In any case, he has a generally excellent past record in magnanimity and particularly in the field of social insurance. Somebody can truly observe that the crowd concurs with his focuses in light of the fact that they believe that he knows better. Also, the crowd is anxious to get notification from him and eject in mayhem once he shows up. This conduct says a great deal regarding Bill Gates accreditations among the normal residents. Then again, his extraneous ethos isn't excessively solid at the underlying stage on the grounds that numerous individuals realize that he has never drilled in the medicinal services segment. For instance, Bill Gates knows almost no about the situation of clinical specialists that are confronted with the undertaking of battling Ebola. The crowd, maybe imagine that he can't talk about the issues of Ebola and that his association is just constrained to the gifts that he makes. Nonetheless, as he begins to talk, his extraneous develops from level to level attributable as far as anyone is concerned on issues to do with medicinal services. The crowd picks up trust and trust in the speaker and move their sitting examples to turn out to be increasingly mindful (Haaften, pp. 67). Each speaker is completely mindful of the significance of utilizing poignancy procedure in engaging the audience’s feeling of personality and feelings (Gibson, pp. 72). Bill Gates is

And So It Ends, And So It Begins

And So It Ends, And So It Begins Its almost May. For those of us who are not on the waitlist committee, May 1 (really May 2, since May 1 is a Sunday) marks the end of this admissions cycle and the beginning of the next. From an admissions perspective, its time to say farewell to the class of 2009 and hello to the class of 2010. 09s whether admitted or rejected, enrolling or otherwise, I sincerely hope that you will keep in touch. Its been a true pleasure getting to know each of you this year. You are amazing, talented people and our correspondence has been the highlight of my experience here at MIT. If youre here in the fall, drop by 3-107 and say hi to us from time to time our door is almost always open. If youre not here in the fall, drop us an email and tell us of your adventures. Class of 2010 welcome to the MIT Admissions blogging community. We hope that youll visit often, ask your questions, share your experiences. Dont forget to introduce yourselves! We met lots of folks at CPW who were regular readers but who had never commented. If you dont mind, comment at least once just to say hi so we know youre out there. * * * Lots has happened since CPW. Its been a time of catchup and recovery, both mentally and physically. I threw a party on the Saturday following CPW, which most of my colleagues attended. It was fun, crazy, and ridiculous all at the same time. I didnt know that admissions people could rock that hard but indeed they can. We had a lot to celebrate. First, were so proud of the class that we admitted. Were proud of you for being who you are and proud of ourselves for finding you. Second, it was a celebration of simply having survived the previous 6 months. Its not until one looks back that one realizes the extent of what the winter of an admissions cycle can take from a person. You guys undoubtedly know what Im talking about now imagine going through it every single year. :-) The weather at CPW was fantastic. I used to think of the arrival of Spring simply as a symbol that one has survived the winter. This year that feeling was compounded the arrival of Spring coincided with CPW, a weekend that is (for all intents and purposes) the true end of the cycle for many of us. The whole coincidence just seemed fitting. * * * My boss (Lorelle) is leaving MIT to get her PhD. She was one of about 7 people in the world to be accepted into her program (and you thought MIT was hard to get into). I am incredibly proud of her. At the same time, I (and I am not alone) dont know what Im going to do without her next year. Its sortof like in the movies, when a kid accomplishes a ton of incredible things because his mentor truly believes in him and his potential. And then the mentor is gone (in the movies the mentor usually gets killed instead of leaving to get a doctorate, but work with me here) and the kid has to not only carry on, but become even better because he owes it to the mentor to do so. Thats sortof the way it is with Lorelle leaving. I, and Matt, and others will continue to build this thing weve been building all year with the blogs and MyMIT and our general attempts to create this community and demystify MIT admissions. But there wont be a day that I wont think about the things that Lorelle gave to us that made it all possible. And if Im still here in 18 years when she finishes her dissertation, you can bet your sweet bottom that Ill do my best to get her back here. ;-) * * * I was expecting a lull in my workload after CPW, but it hasnt exactly worked out that way. There are just so many projects that I had to put on the back burner during reading/selection/CPW etc. So whats on the plate? First, Im in the process of setting up an admissions blog server that will be more reliable (and feature-rich) than the one that most of my colleagues currently use. A big goal for the coming year is to expand the blog program further, including the launch of an admissions group blog where guests such as Marilee will be able to post occasionally. Well also be defining some acceptable posting guidelines and sharing them with you. Nothing major, dont worry, but the program is big enough now that we need to start to think about some structure. Second, Im creating strict production schedules for every print publication that we produce here and evaluating lead times and deadlines in an effort to make the office more efficient. Ive purchased an enormous bulletin board on which I plan to attach each piece, in the order in which we send them to you. Perhaps Ill post a picture when its finished. :-) Third, there is a lot of work to be done on MyMIT. We have hired many of the student editors, and yesterdays software build hopefully gave me the power to add new portlets by myself instead of having to request them from the tech folks. If that holds true when I test later, youll see a bunch of new things early next week. Fourth, Im trying to make a plan for the summer as far as MyMIT is concerned. With no classes or student groups in session, what kinds of content would you guys like to see over the summer? Fifth, its time to think about the application for entry year 2006. Which brings me to * * * my last topic for this post: essays. We often change the essay questions from year to year (1) to improve upon those of previous years and (2) quite simply, to keep things interesting for us. :-) So give me your essay question ideas. If we like one of them enough, you might just see it on next years app. * * * Hope you guys are all doing well and enjoying your last few weeks before summer. Let me know how everything is going! -B

Death and the Afterlife Essay - 593 Words

Death and the Afterlife A/ Muslims believe in Akhirah. This is the belief that there is eternal life after death in either Heaven (paradise) or Hell. To reach either Hell or Heaven Muslims believe they must cross the Assirat Bridge. While crossing the Assirat Bridge Allah passes his judgement on your soul. The righteous can cross the bridge and reach paradise, but the damned will simply fall off the bridge into the fiery pits of Hell. Paradise is for believers in Allah who have followed his teachings and have been forgiven for their sins and havent committed any. Paradise is a place of beauty and tranquillity. Heaven with its beautiful gardens, flowing rivers, lovely maidens,†¦show more content†¦Garments of fire have been prepared for the unbelievers. Scolding water shall be poured upon their heads, melting the skins and that which is in their bellies. They shall be lashed with rods of iron. (Surah 22;19) Even though there are many different teachings and descriptions of the afterlife, all Muslim teachings are unanimous on the fact there is eternal afterlife even in paradise or Hell, happiness or pain. Muslims also have teachings on their death rituals that must be carried out precisely to reach paradise and to respect the beliefs and wishes of all Muslims. When a Muslim dies their body (corpse) is washed in scented water. This has to be done by a member of the same sex, after being washed they are wrapped in white robes. The number of robes depends on the sex, a man will only be wrapped in 3, where as a woman will be wrapped in 5. If the person has taken the holy pilgrimage to Makka they would of brought back sheets which they would of worn during the pilgrimage and been washed in the waters of the holy well Zam-Zam during the pilgrimage. If they have done this during the course of their life their body will be wrapped in them in addition to their other robes. The poor and the wealthy are treated the same, as all are equal in Allahs eyes. They first will be taken to a mosque or an openShow MoreRelatedThe Death And The Afterlife Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesNearly everything could be represented by a god or goddess. Death and the afterlife was represented by Osiris. Aten and Ra were sun gods. The Egyptians felt that they needed to pray and build temples for these gods and goddesses to stay in their favor. These gods were believed to control everything, and if the Egyptians pleased them they would be rewarded. They worshipped their gods by making offerings. They would leave flowers and food in temples to show their respect. Commoners were not oftenRead MoreDeath, Morality, And The Afterlife919 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea the death, morality, and the afterlife have gradually changed through history. Death has an unavoidable and unpredictable nature. The conceptualization of death and what happens to a person when they die is perplexing to understand. Humans tend to fear the things in which they cannot begin to explain. No one person exactly knows for sure what to expect once they leave this world. So, we have established religion and science in an att empt to allow us to wrap our heads around this idea. EventuallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Death And The Afterlife1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe questions behind death and the afterlife have existed among all people from an immemorial time. Where do we go, what is it like, who or what is there, is what I’m doing today have an impact on where I end up? From the moment of conception to the day people die, there are life choices that are made through certain religious beliefs, this may have an impact on how life is in the afterlife. 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Desire, in reference to sex is displayed as a destructive force by the author Tennessee Williams, which leads to a series of tragic events in the life of Blanche Dubois, the protagonist. She is the character of focus in this play and has an interesting personality as sheRead MoreSocrates: on Life, Death and the Afterlife1419 Words   |  6 PagesBD Socrates’ views of death as represented in â€Å"The Trial and Death of Socrates† are irrevocably tied to his beliefs of what makes life significant. For Socrates, life must be examined through constant questioning and one must hold the goodness of life above all else. Consequently, even in the face of the un-good, or unjust in Socrates’ case as represented in his trial, it would not be correct to do wrong, return wrong or do harm in return for harm done. 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She almost always stayed at home and wore basic clothing, only dressing in white gowns (Puchner 1054). Dickinson also never married. She was born in 1830 and died in 1886. Dickinson never intended for her works to be published or even made public for that matter. She asked her sister to destroy all of her works, but instead, her sister decided to have her works published after

Manil Suri Wins One of the Most Dreaded Literary Prizes

On Tuesday, December 3, Maryland writer and professor of mathematics Manil Suri won the Bad Sex Award for his novel â€Å"The City of Devi†. Sounds intriguing, doesn’t it? Bad Sex Award is an annual prize, given by Britain’s Literary Review to various writers in order to †draw attention to the crude, tasteless, often perfunctory use of redundant passages of sexual description in the modern novel, and to discourage it.† Those who write erotic and pornographic novels are not taken into consideration when defining the winner though. Perhaps, that is why E. L. James was never on the list of awarded writers. Although it seems as if getting Bad Sex Award could annoy or even insult the winner, Manil Suri took it like a man†¦ well, at least, he was pretty humorous about it when asked in some interviews afterwards, because he couldn’t make it to London on Tuesday and thus did not get the prize in person. By the way, many decent writers got this award – for example, Tom Wolfe, John Updike and Norman Mailer, and nobody made a drama out of it. â€Å"The City of Devi† – the award-winning book – is the third novel, written by Suri. The main character is Sarita, a woman who is looking for her husband Karun in Mumbai during a nuclear crisis. The passage of the book, which influenced the judges the most and which helped them to finally choose the winner, described the ending of a sex scene, which involved three people (including Sarita and Karun): â€Å"Surely supernovas explode that instant, somewhere, in some galaxy. The hut vanishes, and with it the sea and the sands – only [his] body, locked with mine, remains. We streak like superheroes past suns and solar systems, we dive through shoals of quarks and atomic nuclei. In celebration of our breakthrough fourth star, statisticians the world over rejoice.† It must be admitted though that there was a violent contest over Bad Sex Award. One of the most competitive opponents of Manil Suri was Woody Guthrie himself, with his novel â€Å"House of Earth† and the following passage: â€Å"And as she sucked the last drops of his blood and his seed into the folds of her innermost soul and self, she felt her whole body lift, pull, squeeze, then lift again, tremble, shake, and quiver, and in her fires of her stomach she strained and moved to bathe his blood into the rumble and the thunder of her own.† From the passage, shown above, one can see clearly, that the contest was not a piece of cake. More pity that Manil Suri did not come to London – he should have done it at least in order to meet Joan Collins, who presented the prize that evening.

Level 2 Diploma in Health and Social Care Dementia Pathway

1. Understand the different responsibilities relating to health and safety in social care setting 1.1 List legislation relating to general health and safety in social care setting. The HSE is the UK government body responsible for enforcing health and safety at work legislation. The HSE also plays a major role in producing advice on health and safety issues, and guidance on relevant legislation. The role of enforcement is split between HSE and local authorities depending on the business sector Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Often referred to as HASAW or HSW, this Act of Parliament is the main piece of UK health and safety legislation. It places a duty on all employers to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the†¦show more content†¦from height or into dangerous substances †¢ store things so they are unlikely to fall and cause injuries †¢ fit openable windows, doors and gates with safety devices if needed †¢ provide suitable washing facilities and clean drinking water †¢ if necessary, provide somewhere for employees to get changed and to store their own clothes †¢ set aside areas for rest breaks and to eat meals, including suitable facilities for pregnant women and nursing mothers †¢ let employees take appropriate rest breaks and their correct holiday entitlement †¢ make sure that employees who work alone, or off-site, can do so safely and healthily Excellent 208.1.2 / 1.3 1.3 Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of a) The social care worker All employees have a duty under Section 7 to look after the health and safety of themselves and others To attend training Work as trained Report any concerns b) The employer of manager c) Individuals As I work in a Dementia unit my residents do not always have the mental capacity to make choices or understand the risks to their preferences, in this situation a risk assessment will be carried out, in order to promote their well being Excellent 208.1.3 1.4 Identify tasks relating to health and safety that should only be carried out with special training Tasks relating to health and safety that require specialist training Tasks that theShow MoreRelatedUnderstand the Process and Experience of Dementia Essay3626 Words   |  15 PagesUnit 13: Understand the Process and Experience of Dementia Unit code: DEM 301 Unit reference number: J/601/3538 QCF level: 3 Credit value: 3 Guided learning hours: 22 Unit summary This unit provides the knowledge of the neurology of dementia to support the understanding of how individuals may experience dementia. 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Sergei Rachmaninoff Essay Example For Students

Sergei Rachmaninoff Essay Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff was born on April 1, 1873, at the family estate in Oneg, deep in the Nogorod countryside. His parents were Lubov Boutakov and Vasily Rachmaninoff. His father, Vasily, was an ex-officer in the Russian army. He had two elder sisters, Elena and Sophia, and an older brother named Vladimir. He had two younger siblings which joined the Rachmaninoff family, a girl named Varvara and a boy called Arkady. Varvara died when she was just a baby. Music was an important part of the Rachmaninoff family tradition. His father and his grandfaher had both played the piano. Alexander Siloti, Rachmaninoffs cousin, was already an acomplished pianist and was becoming popular by the time Rachmaninoff was born. Sergei was six years of age when he had his first piano lesson from Anna Ornatsky. She was from the St. Petersburn Conservatory. Rachmaninoff seemed to have a natural ability at the piano. Anna recommended that he receive a scholarship at the St. Petersburn Conservatory in 1881. He was but 9 years old when he began his formal lessons at the Conservatory. During the next few years he would skip his classes to play games and train hop, which would eventually result in failure at school. By this time, circumstances at home had left Lubov and the children with next to nothing because Vasily had pissed away all of the families earnings. With no money and the school threatening to expell her son from the St. Petersburg Conservatory, Lubov turned to her cousin Alexander Siloti. They made an arrangement that Sergei could continue to study at the Conservatory, at which point the family moved to Moscow. There Sergei became a student of Nikolai Zverev. Nikolai was known throughout the country as both a teacher and a diciplinarian. Hard daily schedules of long practice sessions soon helped Rachmaninoff settle down and become focused. Over a period of time the dicipline began to pay off as their musical evenings soon attracted many of Russias principal musicians. Among some of the more notable guests was Tchaikovsky, whom Rachmaninoff became close friends with. During his career as a musician, Rachmaninoff was greatly influenced by his new found friend, Tchaikovsky. Rachmaninoff had his first introduction to composing at The Moscow Conservatory, There, under the instruction of Sergei Taneyev and Anton Arensky, he obtained a better understanding of counterpoint and harmony and began composing on his own. Of his earlier works, some of the more notable are the tone poem Prince Rostslav and First Piano Concerto, along with some solo piano pieces and several songs. His instructer, Zverev, felt that he was wasting his talents composing at the keyboard. They never reached an agreement, and Rachmaninoff transferred to study under his cousin Alexander Siloti.. Rachmaninoff took his final exams a year early, demonstrating remarkable talents at the piano, and graduated in 1891, a year earlier than expected. During this time he entered an opra entitled Aleko for his exam assignment, which he wrote in just one month. This piece went on to earn the highest possible mark, the Great Gold Medal, and became one of his more well known works. Shortly after graduation he composed C Sharp Minor Prelude which he came to be known for for the rest of his life. In January of 1895, he began thinking of ideas for his first major orchestral work, his First Symphony. It took him eight months to complete this undertaking. It was another year and a half before his symphony debuted in St. Petersburg, five days before Rachmaninoffs 24th birthday. The performance was a disaster , which left young Rachmaninoff devasted. .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 , .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .postImageUrl , .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 , .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1:hover , .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1:visited , .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1:active { border:0!important; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1:active , .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1 .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f8a3297d32d740838cb4783094effc1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Lesson before Dying EssayHe later went on to say of Glazunov, who conducted the premier, I am amazed how such a highly talented man can conduct so badly. It was later believed that Glazunov conducted the dramatic work while piss drunk. Rachmaninoff lacked the confidence to compose anything after the shambles of the First Symphony, although the years following were not without musical activity. During this time he obtained a position conducting for a famous private theatre in Moscow. Still struggling with his ability to compose, he wrote only a few piano miniatures. After being introduced by a friend to Dr. Nikolai Dahl, it was speculated that Rachmaninoff was hypnotized in order to bring back his confidence, but it is more likely that he simply talked to Dahl on subjects like music and the arts. These conversations, along with encouragement from close friends, provided Sergei with assurance and a peace of mind, and he once again began to compose. He began by writing down ideas for his Second Concerto in 1900, and introduced it to the public in October of 1901. He composed most of his lifes works during this time. Some of his more well known were the Second Symphony, the Third Concerto, The Miserly Knight, and Francesca Da Rimini. He made a name for himself in London, Leeds, and New York, and his career was at the peak of success as a composer in Russia. By 1917, he and the public both viewed himself primarily as a composer and second as a pianist. Times in Russia were becoming filled with turmoil and entropy, and after the October Revolution in 1917 he found the atmosphere in Russia unbearable, writing at the time; Everything around me makes it impossible for me to work and I am frightened of becoming completely apathetic. Having virtually no money and their family estate at Ivanokva demolished by revolutionaries, Rachmaninoff and his family decided to leave Russia. With a small repertoire made up of his own works, some Chopin, Listz, and Tchaikovsky, he spent the next twenty five years broadening his repertoire and making his living performing piano recitals around the world. He lived in Switzerland for much of the 1930s, but returned to the United for the later part of the decade. On March 28th, 1943, Sergei Vassilievich Rachmaninoff died in Beverly Hills. His complete works entailed over forty-five major compositions. My favorite, I might add, is the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini. While he might not have been the most influential composer of his time, his skills at conveying the emotions behind the pieces he played far exceeded that of most any other man. His works still continue to be heard to this day, and are just as soul-stirring today as they were the day he scrawled the first note onto the now yellowed parchment. Bibliography miscellaneous internet sites

The History of Sociology free essay sample

This paper traces the history of the development of the study of Sociology and examines the works of its founders , including Marx, Durkheim and Weber. This paper provides a complete overview of the development of the science of sociology. It focuses on three major players Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber and their influence on the early stages of the science. It shows how they they helped form the basis for the three general perspectives in sociology: conflict theory, functionalism, and interactionism. From the paper: It was Auguste Comte (1789-1857) who coined the term ?sociology.? He believed this new science should study the question of ?how is society possible (Bartek/Mullin14) He based his own science on the idea that society is composed of individuals in the same way as a line is composed of points. The focus must be on observations of society and the collections of those individuals. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Sociology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of Comte?s work, other sociologists began to study the changes in society.

8 Surprising Jobs That Earn 100K with Just a 2-Year Degree

8 Surprising Jobs That Earn 100K with Just a 2-Year Degree While some people may think a four-year degree is necessary to get a higher paying job, there are a number of professions where you can make around $100,000 per year with only a two-year degree. A traditional college degree is not necessary to get a good job and earn a high-paying salary. Radiation therapistHealth care jobs are a growing field and will continue to grow as baby boomers age and the population increases. An associate’s degree lets individuals work in a hospital setting or a cancer-treatment center where they monitor the equipment, record a patient’s reaction and provide documentation for the treatment session. pay can be up to around $100,000.Air traffic controllerArmed with an associate’s degree, air traffic controllers can make up to $122,000 per year. the primary duties of an air traffic controller are to manage the flights of planes flying into and out of the airport, with safety being the primary goal. although this can be a high-stress job, th e pay may make it worth considering.Executive pastry chefExecutive pastry chefs can work in a number of different places, from hotels to restaurants and even on cruise ships. It requires the equivalent of a two-year degree from either a technical or culinary school or a community college to be ready to work. Really good pastry chefs can make up to $102,000 a year. This, of course, is dependent on the city and location.Master plumberEveryone, at one time or another, needs a plumber, and that’s one of the reasons working as a master plumber pays up to $102,000 per year. One of the good things about being a plumber is that individuals can either work for a company or set up their own business. workers who enjoy working with their hands and don’t mind getting wet sometimes when working on or installing water lines and related systems and appliances, may be interested in this job. They can go to a technical school or community college to learn the skills to get licensed.Rea l estate salesBrokers in real estate sales jobs can earn hefty commissions that amount to much more than $100,000 each year. To become a real estate broker requires a high school education and long hours that can include holidays and weekends. There may also be periods with low to no income when no sales are made.Construction supervisorThose workers that have experience in the construction industry may work up to the job of supervisor. These jobs can pay up to $130,845 per year, and promotions are usually from within the company. A strong knowledge of the business, policies and values is necessary as well as the ability to be on call to complete projects and for emergencies.Court reporterAn individual who has an associate’s degree as a court reporter, which entails transcribing court proceedings, can make a good salary. Court reporter jobs pay up to $104,000 and will require a background check. Salary can be dependent on location. A busy courtroom in a large city will likely pay more than a smaller town.BartenderBartenders make a wide range in salary depending on the location and volume of clientele. While some restaurants, bars, and clubs may pay around $19,000, more upscale locations in large cities can pay over $100,000, including tips. while most bartending skills are learned on the job, there are some programs that teach bartending and offer certification in the safe serving of alcohol.Getting a high-paying job does not necessarily mean that a four-year college degree is necessary. Thejobnetwork can help you find the job you want by searching job listings for you and sending you jobs that fit your qualifications. all you do is fill out your job interests and skills and we do the rest. we notify you by email when matching jobs appear. sign up for job match alert to find the job that’s right for you.

Discuss how the father-daughter relationship is important in Essay

Discuss how the father-daughter relationship is important in Cinderella, how it's relevant - Essay Example This paper will focus primarily on the father-daughter relationship and its significance and relevance in different versions of Cinderella. For masses, the daughter-father relationship is almost absent in the story and one does not come across a direct evident relationship of the two in most of the versions. However, from a critical point of view, there exists somehow a negative relationship between the two (Neilsen, pp. 20-23), as most of the versions have shown an ignorant father who did not interfere when stepmother/s and stepsisters were mistreating Cinderella in the story. In one of the earliest versions of Cinderella, the father is shown as a widowed one who ends up marrying a woman who always mistreats Cinderella also known as Zezolla in some of the versions of this fairytale. This version has shown an absent relationship of father and daughter as the father is always silent when it comes to mistreatment of her daughter. Later on, Zezolla plots killing of her evil mother with the governess (Nielsen, pp. 22-25) and subsequently, father marries the governess who is shown as the worst stepmother resulting in harsher treatment for the Cinderella. Almost all versions of the story except the Disney’s film version, the father is portrayed as a cruel one who takes the side of the evil stepmother and forces Cinderella to perform all the nasty house chores while the stepmother and stepdaughters enjoy bounties of the world (Silvey, pp. 136-139). Some of the versions of Cinderella story have moved a line ahead by showing an incestuous father (Nielsen, pp. 25-28) that resulted in huge criticism from educators, as it portrayed a wrong image of fathers to children, especially daughters. To show incestuous intention of the father, Alan Dundes briefed one of the versions of Cinderella while saying: Usually the queen on her deathbed makes the king promise to marry only someone who

Factors and criteria of choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Factors and criteria of choice - Essay Example It has happened in 14 years that the mobile phone giant Nokia is not toping the annual cell phone sales chart, whereas it is Samsung which has replaced Nokia and has become the world’s number one mobile phone selling brand in the world (LAM). The technology advances on everyday basis. New features are added everyday in mobile phones to make them more attractive. The total revenue generate annually by the mobile company is $100 billion. However the profitably of the mobile phones companies depend on their ability to develop more innovative product, with offering higher quality and affordability to the consumers. This research paper highlights the features that the mobile phones need, in order to maintain their present and future position in the mobile phone market. Explanation The advancements in technology have helped in the development of several significant and useful features in the mobile phones. These features provided by the mobile phone companies’ help in deciding that which phones will occupy the market share. The mobile phone tour guide present in some of the phones help people in finding a place. This can be a useful feature for tourist who visits other places. This phone technology is more appropriate than the paper guide. Near field communication technology allows the mobile phone to connect to other wireless device present at some distance and transfer data, which ranges from pictures and songs to payment and other important information. Phones embedded with NFC chips can be used as electronic identity cards or debit cards. The phones with NFC chips can be quite effective in futures. The NFC devices manufactures must work in collaboration with VISA to come up with technology that would make life easier for customers. Mobiles programmed to allow users to download different application are the one that users prefer the most. These application may consist of Skype which allow users to make call to other people having Skype application in their phones, present anywhere in the world. The phones supporting downloadable application also support large amount of data as the size of the application can be as large as 550 KB (Sen). Camera is the key factor that costumers consider while purchasing a mobile phone. Phone with the ability of capturing pictures; occupy almost 40 percent of the market share. However the camera feature of mobile phone is not enough for customers. They want camera with high definition and several other features that are present in advance digital cameras. The mobile market is now saturated with camera phones, people nowadays prefer to have a picture capturing device in their pockets. The other significant feature that people prefer in camera phones include 3G network. This advance form of network s upport the highly advance feature of mobile phones providing more storage to the customers. The 3G networks not only allow the users to captures memorable moments but it also allow users to share it with their family and friends. Other important characteristics of the 3G networks includes the transmission of data at 38 K bps, improving image quality up to 330,000 pixels and it allows the internal storage of mobile phone to grow so that the users can save a dozen photos at a single time (Garside and Arthur). The major complaints that are faced by the telephone companies are mostly related

Lactic Acid And Fatigue Health And Social Care Essay

Lactic Acid And Fatigue Health And Social Care Essay A large portion of the population, including athletes and coaches in this current era still believes that the limitations of exercise performance is due to lactic acid build up causing fatigue. It is a stubborn myth that stood through the test of time. This is a relatively  old school of thought  that has its roots in the work of Fletcher K [1]. Lactic acid was regarded as an end metabolite of glycolysis and elevates as an exercise intensify where oxygen availability decreases[2]. It was Brooks GA that started the Lactate revolution. He presented the lactate shuttle hypothesis in his work in 1986[3]. It was due to this hypothesis that scientists, even in present day, question the mechanisms of lactate or lactic acid in the body and its involvement in fatigue. This report will delve into studies within the recent decade, touching on conflicting ideas pertaining to lactic acid and its involvement in fatigue. I will further break down lactic acid into its biochemical components, lactate and hydrogen ion, and discuss studies which have contradicting beliefs on these components implication with fatigue. Finally, I will highlight on recent articles that has even challenged the underlying mechanism behind fatigue. Lactic Acid as a whole? Lactic acid was considered a metabolic waste. It is a by-product of glycolysis in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. It was blamed for the burning sensation felt during and after performing a high intensity exercise which would then finally cause fatigue. However, the idea of lactic acid causing muscle fatigue has been challenged since the 1980s. For example, human deficient in the enzyme myophosphorylase showed faster muscle fatigue eventhough they are incapable of breaking down glycogen and accumulate lactic acid[4]. Studies on single muscle fibres showed constant rate of fatigue eventhough its pH was intentionally lowered[5]. It is seen today that many studies have challenged one anothers idea. It is important to consider all options before finally cementing a theory. Firstly, it would be unfair to blame lactic acid as a whole when it literally does not exist in this neutral construct[6, 7]. It expresses as hydrogen ions (H+) and lactate ions in the body [7, 8]. Several studies have and should continue separating these 2 entities and experimented on them separately to find its link with fatigue as either one, both or none of them could be the cause of fatigue. So is lactate the real culprit? It was long written in literature that lactate is known as a metabolic waste product. However, lactate is far from being a useless product. There has been growing number of evidence of the beneficial properties of lactate and this has tested the universality of the hypothesis linking muscular fatigue with lactate production. Lactate, being produced when glucose breaks down to pyruvate [9], allows continuation of glycolysis by generating the NAD+ needed in glycolysis[10] thus preserving exercise performance and delaying fatigue. With the presence of oxygen, lactate can be converted to pyruvate which could be converted to glucose. This process is called Cori cycle[11]. It can then be utilized or stored as glycogen, according to the bodys need at that point of time[11]. This makes lactate a good source of energy. Lactate could be cleared by oxidation in the muscle fibre it was produced. Oxidation of that particular lactate could also happen in other muscle fibres as the lactate is being transported. Those lactate not oxidized will diffuse into the blood veins and transported to the liver[12].Lactate is favoured by the brain and used extensively as a source of fuel[13]. Lactate was known to contribute to fatigue. Many studies nowadays shows otherwise, in fact, it has been studied that lactate may delay the onset of acidosis mainly via H+ reduction. In this review[14] and study by Robergs R.A[15] (supported by S.E Allen[16]), H+ were found to be carried out from cells by transporters and also be consumed by lactate. However, this statement has been challenged by Lindinger M.I., stating that Roberg ignored that lactate is an anion. Its increase would therefore reduce Na anions and thus increase H+ to maintain electroneutrality[7]. Although Lindinger might be correct, there are more studies supporting the opposite notion. A solid ground breaking revolution should occur when lactate is being administered to athletes via energy drinks, however many are still in the dark in recognizing lactates true potential. A study showed that lactate is utilized more efficiently with a greater extent compared to glucose or fructose and also enhances high intensity performance[17]. To further add value to lactate, it is found that performance decrement has no correlation with lactate production[18]. It is clear from the whole list of resources in literature that lactate is not a bad metabolic waste product and is actually beneficial in more ways than one, especially in delaying the onset of fatigue. Therefore, accusing lactic acid to be the culprit of fatigue would indirectly blame lactate, which is not acceptable when it is a beneficial component in exercise performance. So it must be Acidosis! It is clear among literature that acidosis has been under the limelight for causing fatigue. The lowering of pH in the muscle has been accused of causing the burning sensation and the decreasing muscle efficiency that comes with fatigue[19]. In 2003 a review by L. B. Gladden [20] states that RH Fitts [21]has evidence of a whole list of experiments suggesting that acidosis can have negative detrimental effects on muscle function by 1-reducing the transition of the cross-bridge from the low- to the high-force state, 2-inhibiting maximal shortening velocity, 3-inhibiting myofibrillar ATPase, 4-inhibiting glycolytic rate, 5-reducing crossbridge activation by competitively inhibiting Ca2+  binding to troponin C, and 6-reducing Ca2+  re-uptake by inhibiting the sarcoplasmic ATPase (leading to subsequent reduction of Ca2+  release). This may sound contradicting as there are resources saying that acidosis do not cause fatigue. However, it is important to know that the experiments explained by RH Fitts[21], are done in vitro and when the experiments are redone at temperature closer to those experienced physiologically, the said negative effect of acidosis diminishes[20]. In the recent years, experiments have been showing that acidosis has been far from being the cause of fatigue. Neilsen explained that muscle contraction causes acidosis, loss of intracellular K+ and extracellular K+ build up[22]. High extracellular K+  leads to loss of contraction force therefore fatigue[23]. It was found that acidification nullify the effects of the extracellular K+ that are linked with fatigue[22]. This is further supported by other studies[24-26] on the fact that acidosis has protective capabilities against muscle fatigue. Gathering all the resources, it would be safe and logical to say that since acidosis delays fatigue, alkalosis (the opposite of acidosis) should have an opposite effect thus cause fatigue faster. However, this was proven wrong in many studies [27-30]. Taking time to look at the whole picture of the studies, studies regarding alkalosis were done as a whole body model experiment (in vivo). Looking back, the experiments done on acidosis were not done as a whole-body experiment. Instead, it was done on single muscle fibre in in vitro situations. Studies from the past showed that acidosis can contribute to fatigue in intact human body or animal [31-33]. To integrate the studies from isolated muscle model with accordance to whole-body exercise, Cairns hypothesised that acidosis may improve performance in isolated muscle, high blood plasma acidosis may cause a reduction in central nervous systems drive to the muscle thus causing fatigue[6]. Another limitation that may affect experiments is that fast twitch muscles are more susceptible to acidosis[6] therefore experiments on a single muscle fibre as seen in a lot of studies regarding acidosis, might not give an accurate holistic overview of the reaction of a whole muscular body. Also H+ might interact with other unknown cellular changes in the body therefore slightly discrediting isolated muscle fibre experiments with comparison to whole body experiments. Overall, acidosis has been thought to be the main contributor to fatigue. However, recent studies in the last decade have been trying to contest the statement. In my opinion, it is rather early to disregard acidosis as the cause of fatigue, as in vitro studies are only suggestive. Future studies should take into account acidosis as a whole body experiment (in vivo) where hormonal and other physiological interactions are possible. If there are claims of acidosis not causing fatigue, then what does cause fatigue? So in substitution of the uprising hypothesis that elevated H+ is not the main cause of fatigue, there have been many competitors to claim its place. Supported by a study, Westerblad have been claiming that inorganic phosphate has the main role in fatigue[34]. Inorganic phosphate increases as muscle is being contracted and creatine phosphate is being broken down. However, a book by Fitts[21] challenged Westerblads idea, highlighting several limitations concerning the inorganic phosphate hypothesis. He stated that the studies did not assess the holistic combination of the resultant effect of an elevated inorganic phosphate with low pH and low calcium ion release. Also the effects of acidosis on peak power were not evaluated. Even Westerblad agreed that the study was done on a single muscle fibre and the result might be different when done with a whole model. He pointed out that studying on a single muscle fibre provides the most direct physiological responds when questioning the cellular mechanisms of fatigue. Also, claiming that the The differences that inevitably must exist appear to be mainly of a quantitative nature[34]. I believe that it is still early to refute the idea of acidosis not causing to fatigue. In the case of studies on inorganic phosphate, its role in fatigue is still in an early stage and should not be dismissed as of yet. Several questions have yet to be answered. However, creatine phosphate is after all only involved in the first 10 seconds of an intense exercise therefore queries of its role extending within these 10 seconds are questionable. Other than phosphates, there have been a large number of studies[22, 23] claiming potassium ions to be the main cause of fatigue. In this particular study by Cairns[35], he states We hypothesize that during high-intensity exercise a rundown of the transsarcolemmal K+  gradient is the dominant cellular process around which interactions with other ions and metabolites occur, thereby contributing to fatigue. The raised extracellular K+ causes a sarcolemmal depolarization, therefore disrupting the excitability of the muscle thus resulting in fatigue[35]. This is however contradictory to a previous study being done on rats[36]. In the study, it suggests that extracellular K+ is overhyped in previous studies on isolated muscles and that it is of less importance for fatigue. Overall, it is still hard to cement a theory as long as insufficient studies are done on whole intact animal models. This is however, being a case of isolated muscle studies versus in vivo studies. In my opinion applying Occams razor, acidosis should stay as the cause of fatigue unless proven otherwise with solid in vivo studies. Conclusion So to go back to the age old question, does lactic acid cause fatigue? It is important to remember that lactic acid disassociates to lactate and H+ ions, each with its own characteristics and interactions with the body therefore it needs to be addressed separately. Taking lactic acid as a whole and blaming it would be unjust and inaccurate. As of recent time, it will take time and effort to disprove acidosis as the cause of fatigue as many studies were done in vitro and results only suggest possible mechanism in the human body. I do however believe that there is no one main mechanism causing fatigue, it is however a collective effort of different mechanisms, few of which are possibly phosphate and extracellular K+, that contribute to fatigue. As of now, lactate is a good byproduct and acidosis still remains the main cause of fatigue.

Free Essays: The Weak Gods of Iliad, Odyssey and Epic of Gilgamesh :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Weak Gods of The Iliad, Odyssey and Gilgamesh    The Oxford English Dictionary defines god as Ã’1. A being conceived as the perfect, omnipotent, omniscient ruler and originator of the universe, the principal object of faith and worship in monotheist religions. 2. A being of supernatural powers, believed in and worshipped by a people.Ó The first definition reflects Modern AmericaÕs connotation of the word god. The latter recalls the Ancient Greco-Sumerian ideal of a being greater than man. While both definitions are equally valid in literature, many perceive the word only in the first view. However, the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Epic of Gilgamesh portray gods with limits and weaknesses. The contemporary Christian god is able to demand things of his followers, readily expecting wholehearted and unquestioning obedience. This was not the case with his ancient counterparts.    Rather than exacting demands upon their followers, occasionally the ancient gods were limited to requests. Often they were refused. In the Odyssey, the goddesses Circe and Calypso both expected lifelong commitments from the mighty Odysseus. Both promised great things to the hero, including godhood. Odysseus was able to refuse both goddesses. Human obstinacy beat out the whims of goddesses. If the Protestant god were to make sexual demands upon his followers, more than likely, he would not be refused. One could argue, though, that Odysseus did give in to the goddesses by bedding them. Always though, his focus eventually shifted to returning home and reuniting with his mortal wife. Homer portrayed a man who refused immortal beauty for true love: Ã’She is mortal after all, and you are immortal and ageless. But even so, what I want and all my days I pine for is to go back to my house and see my day of homecoming. And if some god batters me far out on the wide blue water, I will endure it, keeping a stubborn spirit within me, for I have already suffered much (93-94).Ó Thus, the mortal Odysseus was able to deny the temptations of the goddesses multiple times. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, another goddessÕ whims are put down. Ishtar, goddess of war and love becomes attracted to the mighty but mortal Gilgamesh. But rather than jumping right into the sack with

A Comparison between Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter and Arthur Miller’s Crucible

Both the Scarlet Letter and the Crucible describe the hysteria generated by the highly restrictive and stifling Puritanical society. I. The Scarlet Letter portrays the situation of a woman and man who have committed adultery and shows the consequences that they have to endure. 1. Hester Prynne wears a symbolical scarlet letter which is the mark of social opprobrium; because she confronts society openly, her spirit is freed from prejudice and she is able to perceive the truth about the society she lives in. 2. Arthur Dimmesdale is blinded by the corruption of the society and cannot see himself and his deed in a true light. Because he is not able to admit his sin and live in honesty he is destroyed by his own inner tumult and by the power of the social condemnation. II. The Crucible also describes a society in which witchcraft is used as a screen to cover the thirst of a Puritanical society for cruelty and revenge. 1. Abigail Williams and the other girls fling accusations at innocent people in the society, delighted by the power they acquire in this way. This shows the way in which the outward show of justice and goodness are used to cover sin and evil. There is a profound reversal of values in the Puritanical world. 3. John Proctor refuses to lie and live in falsehood and is among the few characters who try to uproot prejudice and reveal the truth to the society. After he and other two innocent people are executed, the society seems to realize its blindness and the injustice that hid beyond the witches’ trials. Both Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter and Arthur Miller’s Crucible are studies of religious superstition which caused a mass delirium in the seventeenth century Puritanical America. The witchcraft trials that took place at that time are an instance of the contagious effect that superstition had on society. Both the Scarlet Letter and the Crucible portray, at the same time, the society that made possible a number of crimes to be committed in the name of religion and good and several individuals that struggle with prejudice and mass superstition. The Puritanical society of the seventeenth century America attempted to stifle human passion and to numb imagination. The society’s severe condemnation of sin and of any sign of liberal thought placed a great constraint on the individual. In this suffocating environment, passion became a crime and superstition and prejudice rose rapidly. However, there was only a pretense at holiness and purity in the Puritanical society. In order to dissimulate their own passions, people began looking for sin in the other members of community. Inebriated by what they saw as their holy mission, which required them to purge the community of evil, the people of Salem began sacrificing other members of the society to satisfy their desire for punishment and revenge. Arthur Dimmesdale in the Scarlet Letter and John Proctor in the Crucible are similar in many ways. As it shall be shown however, Dimmesdale is tormented by his sin while Proctor, although he condemns himself for his mistake, sees the rampant spread of prejudice in Salem and understands that the sins of those that pretend holiness are much greater. Both of the stories therefore deal with mass delirium and show man to be prone on corrupting even religion and the principles of good and justice. Interestingly, both of the works are centered on the idea of adultery. Arthur Dimmesdale, a priest, commits adultery with Hester Prynne and has to live with this spot on his conscience while preaching holiness to others. John Proctor, an ordinary man living in Salem, has an adulterous relationship with Abigail Williams, the reverend Parris’s niece. In both cases, the adultery sets the scene for the social delirium that feeds on the suspicion of sin and evil inside the community. In the Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne gives birth to a little girl while her husband is missing from the village. While Hester’s sin is easily discovered by the eager society, Dimmesdale’s adultery remains hidden. This is symbolized by the letter â€Å"A†, the scarlet letter, that Hester has to wear over her chest for the rest of her life. Accusations of witchcraft soon arise as well, and the adulterous woman is fiercely banished from society. She ends up living on the outskirts of the town, where she raises Pearl on her own. The little girl is almost taken from her by the people of the town, but she manages to keep her with the help of Dimmesdale. Hester has openly admitted her sin and while she stubbornly displays her shame in front of the other people but Dimmesdale has to keep his true nature hidden. This is not only the result of circumstances however. Hester’s mind and her spirit allow her to be free. She believes in life and the possibility of good and happiness beyond sin. For Dimmesdale however, his sin is also the end and it foreshadows his death. His spirit cannot feel free anymore: as a Christian he knows that it is impossible to erase his past and leave his sin behind. All through the book, Dimmesdale struggles with an unmovable reality. He knows he is guilty and also knows that his sin cannot be redeemed through earthly penance, yet he still searches for a ray of light to illuminate him and guide him towards salvation. The permanent pretense and act he has to put in front of the community is what eventually crushes his spirit. He knows that he cannot transform himself so as to escape knowledge of his sin. Ultimately, Dimmesdale cannot think of acquiring a new identity and leaving the town, as Hester urges him to. Symbolically, he refuses to give up his name and thus escape the opprobrium of the community: â€Å"Give up this name of Arthur Dimmesdale, and make thyself another, and a high one, such as thou canst wear without fear or shame† (Hawthorne, 1980, p. 242). Because of the weight of social conventions and demands, a name is attached to the individual but does not necessarily speak of a person’s character. Dimmesdale’s dilemma is that, as a believer and an essentially good man, he is torn apart by the knowledge that he is a sinner and he can no longer perform truly good deeds. This is also why he is incapable of leaving the place as Hester had urged him: Dimmesdale is tied to the community because of his sin. He cannot escape thus the space that torments him and keeps him imprisoned. By contrast, Hester, who wears the scarlet letter as the symbol of sin and social rejection, has a passport to freedom. Because she is marginalized by the Puritanical society of Boston, she is able to enjoy a spiritual freedom that the other women cannot even imagine: â€Å"The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not tread† (Hawthorne, 1980, p. 300). On the other hand, Dimmesdale cannot free his mind and think beyond the conventional social standards and laws: â€Å"The minister †¦ had never gone through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the scope of generally received laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hawthorne, 1980, p. 300). The Scarlet Letter studies therefore the inner corruption and falsehood of the Puritanical society in America. The two main characters, who are united through their sin, reveal two different attitudes when confronted with the force of mass superstition and prejudice. Hester, who wears the burning scarlet letter on her chest, is able to free her mind. She is sees that the society is corrupt and that her sin is not a tremendous one. On the other, Arthur Dimmesdale has to wear the mark of his sin secretly. The symbolic scarlet letter is burning in his soul and the shame eventually destroys him. The letter that the two lovers wear is a symbol of the action of social force in an agitated time. It represents the thirst of the Puritanical society for exposing and cruelly condemning sin. Arthur Miller’s Crucible portrays the same Puritanical society in America in an even more revealing way. The title is very significant: on the one hand, the crucible is an allusion to the witches’ melting pot, the cauldron they use in order to prepare the spells; on the other hand, the crucible is a symbol for the Puritanical hysteria that was itself a melting pot where innocent people were sacrificed to satisfy social prejudice, prudishness and revenge. Miller depicts the development of the witchcraft hysteria with great artistry. Significantly, the social delirium is caused by Abigail Williams, a selfish and passionate young woman who cannot accept the fact that John Proctor rejects her. As the protagonists in the Scarlet Letter, Abigail Williams and Proctor have committed adultery. However, Proctor is very different from Dimmesdale. While he regrets his deed, he maintains his sobriety and reason in the midst of the Puritanical hysteria. He is a believer and he also loves his wife, and therefore discontinues the relationship with Abigail. When the young girl is caught in the forest with a gathering of women and people begin to suspect witchcraft, she saves herself and blames Tituba for having â€Å"compacted with the devil†. The hysteria begins as the girls who were caught dancing in the woods declare having been lured by witches. This generates a complicated web of accusations and subsequent trials. People are condemned with no visible proof when the girls state they have been lured by dark spirits. Under the outward show of purity, the society judges and condemns the innocent with no other proof than the persuasive acting skills of young girls who faint, scream and fall ill in the presence of those who are supposedly evil. In the end, all the people who had managed to maintain their rational thinking and their sanity during these proceedings are condemned. John Proctor and his wife are also waiting to be hanged, along with other honest people who perceive the intricate web of lying and deception and refuse to bend to it. Their spirits reject the demands of the society to betray the other people in order to satisfy their thirst for revenge: â€Å"You must understand sir, that a person is either with this court or must be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time now, a precise time – we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. Now, by God’s grace, the shining sun is up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Miller, 2003, p. 93 ) As the judge describes it, the Puritanical society attempted to destroy evil completely and maintain only the good. Interestingly, when John Proctor is faced with a similar dilemma to that of Dimmesdale, he reacts in the same way. The court tempts John Proctor to sign a declaration of guilt and to continue his life with his pregnant wife. The temptation is even greater as the two have just forgiven each other and rediscovered their love and their desire to live. Ultimately however, Proctor cannot sign his name to a lie: â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! † (Miller, 2003, p. 167). Like Dimmesdale, he cannot adopt a false position in society in order to save himself and therefore chooses death over falsehood. Both the Scarlet Letter and the Crucible reveal the inner workings of the stifling Puritanical world. Attempting to destroy evil completely, the Puritanical world actually destroys justice and honesty.

Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1590 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Many companies, both producers and/or users of commodities can be negatively impacted by sudden price changes in their production inputs or outputs. Producers of commodities such as in the mining, oil or farming industries would sure benefit from increasing prices of their respective outputs, but face a risk of very serious losses and even bankruptcy should the opposite happens. On the other hand, within those industries and most others, some commodities are also used as production inputs and therefore would negatively impact companies may prices rise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In all cases, the overall price volatility in commodities is often negatively perceived and, to the extent of a companys level of exposure to commodities in its production process, can be seen as a very serious business risk. (). In order to reduce some of the risk and often with the objective of protecting their profit margins, companies will resort to hedging. The risk management strategy of hedging can be described as a way limit or offset the probability of a loss from the volatility in the price of a commodity, securities and/or currency (Hull, 2012). For the purpose of this thesis, a hedge will be defined as taking a short position in the futures market in order to cover one contract of a long position held in the spot market by the hedger. Other derivatives such as forward contracts or options are also used for hedging purposes, but futures are seen as the most dominant in commodity markets mainly because of their liquidity and transparency advantages (Geman, 2005). The exact amount of the futures contract to be purchased against that one spot position is called the hedge ratio (HR) and the HR chosen to minimize the variance (volatility) of the hedgers portfolio will be referred to as the minimum varia nce hedge ratio (MVHR). Countless research papers have been written about MVHR, its relevance and the different ways of estimating it (see, for example Johnson 1960; Ederington, 1979; Myers 199). With constant advancements in the field of Econometrics, researchers began investigating more and more complex methods to derive the MVRH, for example by incorporating time variation into the estimation of the variance-covariance matrix (see, for example .. ****************). However, no clear consensus has been reached yet on the best ways to construct a MVHR, and many of the empirical studies considering assumptions and estimated variables, concluded to somewhat contradictory results. Furthermore, many of the newer, more complicated models require cumbersome econometric models and, therefore, might not be most suitable for actual use by companies in the commercial world. This thesis aims at capturing the recent advancement made on the MVHR while considering and testing models that could be considered as (to be continued (About 1 more page)talk a bit about the commodities +++ the rest of this thesis willÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ ) Framework The Spot and Futures Markets The spot market can be defined as a market where a commodity is bought or sold for immediate (or with a minimum lag) physical delivery. Not that long ago, those markets where actual physical places where buyers and sellers would meet to exchange, for example, their crops. Its important to note that all commodities are traded on spot markets. In the 18th century, some U.S. farmers started selling their own crops at the time of planting to help finance them and across the ocean, in London, metal began trading in the same fashion, leading the way to the first derivative market: the forward market (Geman, 2005). We can consider this market as an informal one where over-the-counter contracts for future delivery of commodities are exchanged by participants. The standardization of such informal markets by ways of controlling quantities, qualities, dates of deliveries and locations, led to the establishment of the Futures exchanges (Bailey, 2005; Hull, 2012). Some of the better known exchanges are, for example, the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) founded in 1848 (agricultural and financial futures), the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) founded in 1874 (livestock and financial), the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) (precious metal and energy) and the London Metal Exchange (LME) (base metal). On these exchanges, standardized contracts are bought and sold by a variety of participants with different objectives. First we have the hedgers, whose opposite positions to their own spot exposure have for goal to reduce risk and protect their profit margins. Second we have the speculators who, taking advantage of the quasi costless characteristic of futures contracts, will use them to speculate on commodity prices. Third comes the arbitrageurs whose presence is essential to make sure the relationship between spot and future prices as well as prices on different exchanges remains true. In principal, the value of a futures contract should approximat e the spot market price plus the cost of carrying the commodity, such as interest, storage and insurance costs. If such difference came to exist, arbitrageur would take position in the markets making a risk free profit and bringing prices back in line in the process. And finally, futures, often due to their unique correlation to financial markets, are now increasingly used by portfolio managers in order to hedge their general portfolio risk (Bailey, 2005; Geman, 2005). Hedging with Futures Contracts As previously discussed, hedging is primarily done with intent of reducing risk. Four basic categories of futures exists where the underlying can be a physical commodity (such as it is the case in this thesis), a foreign currency, an asset earning interest or and index (Hull, 2012). Also, different hedging strategies exists as some hedgers want to protect only part of their exposure sometimes due to a certain risk profile or some industry standards, and others, highly risk averse participant, will choose to eliminate the price risk as much as possible, often preferring to protect their profit margins deriving from their main business activities. Throughout this thesis such an assumption will be made as the HR will be built with the intent of hedging as much as possible the exposure of a risk-averse hedger. This can be referred to as a pure risk-avoidance hedging strategy (Bailey, 2005). In practice, hedgers will use futures contracts in two ways. Companies knowing they will have to buy a certain asset in the future can choose to lock in the price of that asset and buy a long position in a related futures contract (referred to as a long hedge). Alternatively, some companies such as commodity producers will know the approximate quantity of an asset they will have to sell in the future and will want to lock in today the price of that asset (this is referred to as a short hedge). The later way will be used in this thesis to construct the hedged portfolio used in order to assess the hedge effectiveness. As only the variance reduction is considered, using either ways would give the same results. Basis Risk Although hedging aims at reducing risk, doing it right is often not as simple as just buying or selling the opposite quantity of the exposure. This is mainly due to the introduction of basis risk in the equation. Understanding it is essential to understand the reasons being the HR. Basis is defined as: Best example of Basis risk is the German Company and its oil positionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ A Look at the Selected Commodities Optimal Hedge Ratio OHR A Review Static versus dynamic hedging OHR for Commodities OHR The Methods To perform an empirical study of the minimum variance hedging strategy, the HR needs to be estimated with the help of some statistical models. (see (19) page 8) No Hegde NaÃÆ'ƒÂ ¯ve Hedge Constant OLS Rolling window OLS EWMA OLS Simplified GARCH (1,1) Data Analysis As the aim of this thesis is to provide evidence of the best hedge ratio methodology using recent data, only the quantitative approach will be used, providing empirical results onÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. Statisitcal MethodologyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Introduce the reason for the 3 periods (financial crisis.. volatility effect, etc) Statistical Tests Test for Normality Test for Stationary Time Series Test for Autocorrelation Test for Heteroskedasticity Statistical Tests Results Delimitations and Assumptions The main assumption in this thesis, as it also is in most literature relating to OHRs, is that the hedger has perfect knowledge of the amount of commodities needed or produced at a future date. In reality, this is obviously rarely the case, therefore producers or users of commodities will use estimates to construct their hedging strategy (). Delimitations: This thesis do not differentiate between long and short hedgers, exclude foreign exchange risk and possible correlation, Only cover Futures (not Options and FWDs), Focus only on Commodities, No forcast tool intended Only OLS (normal + rolling window) is used, leaving aside GARCH etc Assumptions: Risk aversion, In this thesis, as it the case for most of the literature written on OHRs, only the variance is used as the measure of risk (see for example: balbalbal), therefore making the generally accepted assumption which gives equal weight to both positive and negative returns. Since Markowitz (1952), the variance became the most widely used measure of risk but this traditional approach has been criticized by some (Cotter 2005, etc) who suggested that OHR estimations could be improved if tail specific metrics such VaR, Semi-Variance and LPM were also evaluated. (is this needed because of risk aversion ) Other assumptions: The hedge period is set and sure at the time od hedging No FX is considered Empirical Findings Optimal Hedge Ratio The Results Discussion () Conclusion There is no question to the importance for companies of having a sound and tested risk management strategy. As one of the most traded derivative instruments for commodities, futures certainly play an important role in the hedging process. Appendix